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Molecule is the basic unit of all kinds of substances. It is the main components of all kinds of matter and the smallest unit of matter. A molecule is a small group of atoms held together by covalent bonds, in which two or more atoms share electrons.

The structure of a molecule can be illustrated by a structural formula, which is a type of chemical formula that shows how the atoms in a molecule are arranged. In the structural formula, atoms are represented by their chemical elements, and lines are used to illustrate bonds between those atoms. Usually, single bonds are represented by single lines, while double and triple bonds are shown by double or triple lines. By reading the formula and tracking the connections, the molecular structure of a compound can be determined.

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Molecules come in a variety of shapes and sizes. A molecule typically contains an even number of electrons, which gives the molecule a neutral charge – that is, it has no overall electrical charge. However, some molecules have odd numbers of electrons, giving them an overall positive or negative charge. The shape of a molecule often influences its behaviour, because shape determines the ability of the molecule to interact with other molecules or substances.

The properties of molecules, like those of all substances, depend on the type of atoms that make up the molecule and the arrangement of those atoms in the molecule. This is because the arrangement of atoms determines how the electrons are shared between them and how the atoms interact with other molecules or substances. For example, the arrangement of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water molecules determines the ability of water to dissolve other substances.

Molecules can exist as single units or as part of a larger compound. When several molecules of the same type connect, they form a larger molecule, known as a macromolecule. A macromolecule can be composed of one type of molecule or many different types of molecules, each one playing a role in the overall structure of the macromolecule. Macromolecules are found in all living things and enable many of the processes essential for life.

In summary, molecules are the basic components of all matter. They have a variety of shapes and sizes and can exist as single units or as part of a larger compound. The arrangement of atoms in a molecule determines its properties, enabling it to interact with other molecules or substances. Understanding molecules and their properties is a key part of the study of chemistry.